Fuel poverty occurs when a household is unable to afford the most basic amount of energy for adequate heating, cooking, lighting, and use of appliances in the home. According to European University Institute, in 2011, 9.8% of households in the EU27 countries and 15.8% of households in the 12 new member states could not afford to heat their homes adequately. Thus, fuel poverty is an increasingly serious problem across Europe and requires the intervention of policymakers. In particular, corrective measures have been implemented which aim to help fuel-poor households pay their energy bills, and preventive policies have also been introduced, which focus more on improving residential energy efficiency. Debates about the effectiveness of these measures have ensued for several reasons; mainly because energy retrofit renovations have often been undertaken by wealthier households. Thus, despite these measures, given the expected increase in the cost of energy, some could find it difficult or even impossible to satisfy their energy needs. As a prerequisite to discussions about the effectiveness of different measures to fight fuel poverty, debates have often focused on the need to reliably identify fuel-poor households and create a detailed profile of such households. In fact, the multidimensionality of fuel poverty makes it difficult to achieve this. Fuel poverty has traditionally been treated as a monetary poverty problem. At European Union level, there is no common definition or standardized indicator for assessing fuel poverty. While there is a large body of literature on measuring poverty, consensus has not yet been reached on the related methodological and conceptual issues. However, households affected by fuel poverty are not always the same as those affected by monetary problems, even if the two phenomena are inextricably linked. In this context, we suggest that a more careful and systematic understanding can be developed through a multidimensional approach to the relationship between monetary poverty, residential energy efficiency of buildings, and heating restrictions. Our objective in this paper is not to challenge existing measures of fuel poverty, but provide new ways to better identify those who suffer the most from fuel poverty in order to optimize policy. We argue this is needed to better identify the connection between energy use and well-being and therefore deepen understanding of energy poverty.