Camel racing in the Arabian Peninsula is an example of a tradition that ＿＿（43）＿＿ both a social and a scientific institution. Wealthy sheikhs provide financial support and prize money that ＿＿（44）＿＿ Bedouin owners of racing camels, as well as their trainers and jockeys of secure futures without their having to forsake their nomadic way of life. ＿＿（45）＿＿, owner sheikhs, competing coming themselves, have transformed the sport. Today it is an institution as organized and as scientifically sophisticated as horse racing is elsewhere. Camel clinics, fitted out with the latest available technology, have been established. Veterinarians are employed to provide care and treatment for the camels, both at the clinics and in the Bedouin camps. They also conduct sophisticated research: on embryo transplants, on the cross-breeding of different camel strains, and on the development of training techniques based on studies of the camel’s physiology. The sport succeeds, therefore, in ＿＿（46）＿＿ past and present, both by supporting the nomadic way of life and by promoting scientific research.