Andrew Carnegie soon turned to manufacturing iron and steel in Pittsburgh, taking full and grateful benefit of protective tariffs—although he had previously been an advocate of free trade and later, after he had his millions, would be one again. Each year he alternated between amassing his huge fortune in America and traveling to Britain. There he followed in the tradition of his grandfather by making radical speeches against all forms of special privilege. His rhetoric was noticeably tamer in Pittsburgh. Carnegie’s principles almost always seemed to bend to fit his interest. Yet, if he had been less principled, less impeded by such inhibitions as principle placed in his path through the nineteenth-century capitalistic jungle, it is quite probable that his legacy would have been less benign. After all, he did found and endow the Carnegie Corporation of New York, which in the first half-century after his death would make grants almost equal to his entire fortune while at the same time greatly increasing its capital. If he did not quite die poor, he made a game try at and probably worked harder at giving money away than he ever had at making it.