On a boat off Costa Rica, a biologist uses pliers from a Swiss army knife to try to extract a plastic straw from a sea turtle ’s nostril. The turtle ＿＿（26）＿＿ in agony, bleeding profusely. For eight painful minutes the YouTube video ticks on; it has logged more than 20 million ＿＿（27）＿＿, even though it’s so hard to watch. At the end the increasingly desperate biologists finally manage to d islodge a four-inch-long straw from the creature’s nose. Raw scenes like this,＿＿（28）＿＿ bare the toll of plastic on wildlife, have become familiar: The dead albatross, its stomach bursting with refuse. The turtle stuck in a six -pack ring, its shell warped from years of straining against the tough plastic. The seal snared in a ＿＿（29）＿＿ fishing net. But most of the time, the harm is stealthier. Flesh-footed shearwaters, large, sooty brown seabirds that nest on islands off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand, eat more plastic as a proportion of their body mass than ＿＿（30）＿＿ marine animal, researchers say: In one large population, 90 percent of the fledglings had already ingested some. A plastic shard piercing an intestine can kill a bird quickly.