Who owns the seas has always been a difficult concept. In 1945, President Truman extended U.S. jurisdiction to the end of its continental shelf. The continuation of the land mass underwater until it drops down to the ocean floor. Then the U.S. built the world's first off shore oil platform out of sight of land in the Gulf of Mexico in 1947, 10 and a half miles off the Louisiana coast. That started a race to claim oceanic resources. This ＿＿（41）＿＿ a lot of countries clashing over their perceived rights. For example, the UK and Iceland had no less than three disputes known as "Cod Wars" over the fish in ＿＿（42）＿＿ are now Icelandic waters. To mediate these disputes, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea or UNCLOS was drawn up and came into force in 1994. It carved up maritime territory into four main sections, typically ＿＿（43）＿＿ from the low water line on a nation's shores. Within the territorial waters, a state can regulate use and has ownership over any resources found within. Foreign states can sail through but they have to ＿＿（44）＿＿ the nation's laws. Within the contiguous zone, a state can continue to enforce laws in four specific areas, customs, taxation, immigration and pollution. Within the exclusive economic zone, the state has the sole rights over natural resources but foreign states may sail through, lay underwater cables and even pass through for military reasons. And on the continental shelf, a state has the rights to resources in the subsoil of the continental shelf but not the water column above ＿＿（45）＿＿ it is beyond the EEZ. Although 168 parties have ratified UNCLOS, it has far from resolved maritime territory disputes.