Upon arresting a suspect, the police often uses handcuffs to put the subject in control. Using this device properly is vital because it will not only protect nearby officers but also make it difficult for the suspect to escape. Nevertheless, as a retired policeman from Chicago Police Department points out, the quality of handcuffing instructions in local police departments and training academies ＿＿（46）＿＿ not consistent. As a result, some cadets and officers do not know an effective way to apply handcuffs or why this handcuffing method is so effective. According to the retiree, effective handcuffing includes the following procedures. First, police officers should handcuff the subject behind the back ＿＿（47）＿＿ cuffing in front is required for a legitimate cause, such as a transport. Next, officers should cuff the subject's palms facing outward and place the cuffs on the subject's wrists. In this way, the officers can ＿＿（48）＿＿ the subject's hand dexterity. Humans can usually use their hands in a coordinated manner when their palms face each other. Turning them outward greatly reduces that ability. Furthermore, the positioning of the hands and ＿＿（49）＿＿ of the cuffs can limit the subject's access to the keyways of the cuffs. With palms facing out and cuffs on the wrists, the subject can ＿＿（50）＿＿ get their fingers near the locking mechanism.