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國中教甄|英語英語105 年第 76 題單選題
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Because middle-class students are often only points of contrast against which the various experiences of working-class students are set, they are typically treated as a relatively undifferentiated group. However, as the middle class has expanded it has become increasingly internally differentiated—in terms of both vertical and horizontal distinctions. Our own research indicates that these distinctions are intimately connected to education provision. Our own ongoing research based on a cohort of some 350 academically able middle-class students shows how, even within this group, different educational pathways consolidate vertical differentiation within the middle class. Although the overwhelming majority of our respondents are getting on, most of those who are getting on ‘famously’ attended private schools and elite universities. Some schools, notably those that are private and academically selective, feed a greater portion of their students into high-status universities which then provide pathways into high-status occupations and high incomes. In addition to vertical differentiation, though, there is horizontal differentiation. Indeed, some argue that the extent of differentiation is such that we should refer to the middle classes. Savage et al. (1992), for instance, identify lines of horizontal differentiation that are based upon the ownership of distinctive types of asset. They identify three distinct middle classes; the petite bourgeoisie holding property assets, managers holding organizational assets and professionals holding cultural capital. The first of these, the petit bourgeoisie, has been a relatively unimportant grouping in the UK, but the divide between managerial and professional class is they argue, fundamental to any understanding of the middle class. Indeed, Halon (1998) argues that we are currently seeing a struggle between the managerial and the professional classes and between managerial and professional elements within both groups. To some extent this has led to a blurring of the distinction as the ‘professions’ have become more managerialized and management roles more professionalized. In our own middle-class cohort there have been high levels of movement between those in managerial and those in professional roles. Moves from professional to managerial roles appear to be largely associated with upward progression within a career. However, movement from managerial to professional occupations was often the result of ‘sideways’ movement.

What can be inferred from the passage?

AThe working class is more heterogeneous than the middle class
BThere is progression from managerial roles to petit bourgeoisie
CMiddle-class students are likely to have equal educational opportunities
DThere are different classification principles for horizontal distinctions正確答案
答案與詳解
D
正確答案
文章第三段明確指出中產階級的水平區分可依據資產所有權等不同原則進行分類,故可推論出存在不同的分類原則。

逐選項解析

AThe working class is more heterogeneous than the middle class✕ 錯誤
文章首段僅提及中產階級常被作為勞工階級的對比,且中產階級內部差異日益擴大,並未直接比較兩者何者更具異質性(heterogeneous)。
BThere is progression from managerial roles to petit bourgeoisie✕ 錯誤
文章將經理人(managers)與小資產階級(petite bourgeoisie)列為水平區分下的不同群體,並未提及兩者之間存在階級晉升或流動關係。
CMiddle-class students are likely to have equal educational opportunities✕ 易錯陷阱
DThere are different classification principles for horizontal distinctions✓ 正確

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