Capital controls may be imposed on capital leaving a country or entering it. The former include controls over \_41\_ transactions for direct and equity investments by residents and/or foreigners. For example, restrictions on the repatriation of capital by foreigners can include \_42\_ a period before such repatriation is allowed, and regulations that phase the repatriation according to the availability of foreign exchange. Residents may be restricted \_43\_ their holdings of foreign stocks, either directly or through limits on the permissible portfolios of the country's investment funds. Law can also restrict bank deposits abroad by residents. Alternatively, bank accounts and transactions \_44\_ in foreign currencies can be made available to residents, and non-interest-bearing capital reserve requirements can be imposed on deposits in foreign currencies, \_45\_ reducing or eliminating the interest paid on them and therefore diminishing their attractiveness. The main purpose of controls over capital out flows is to thwart attempts to shift between currencies during financial crises, which can exacerbate currency depreciation.