Recent societal changes have caused a questioning of the relationship between higher education institutions and their hosting state governments. While there have been an increasing number of ＿＿（41）＿＿ causes and agencies, such as prisons and health care, funding for higher education institutions has not increased. Some state governments have even challenged institutional ＿＿（42）＿＿ of right to funding by providing funding to the student rather than the institution. Most recently, some governments even assigned funding according to certain performance ＿＿（43）＿＿ deemed appropriate and necessary to the state. ＿＿（44）＿＿ , some institutions have openly challenged the state's authority in assigning governing board members. Some have radically increased tuition and become ＿＿（45）＿＿ on fundraising. Others have eliminated programs or restricted enrollment of high-cost programs.