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國小教甄|英語英語106 年第 53 題單選題
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Inter-language switching, once the pariah of language learners, is now an eminently respectable part of both bilingual language performance and linguistic analysis. Switching involves the use of more than one language code or system in an utterance. Such inter-language switching is endemic, creative and popular in many of the Outer Circle communities like Singapore, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. In places like Singapore, it may routinely involve three languages or even more—in Singapore that means especially English, Chinese and Malay. Most studies of switching are concerned with the forms of languages. This can be phonological, as happens when we swap from authentic to foreign pronunciation. It can be morphological, for instance in the unstable realization of the plural in Asian Englishes in public signs. Such forms may well become either standard or fully accepted variants respectively in Macao and Malaysia. As things stand at present, however, this use (or not) of the plural is not standard, and constitutes switching or cross-code interference. Switching requires that both speakers share sufficient knowledge of two or more shared languages. It is also typically asymmetrical, in that one speaker will be more competent than the other, or that one speaker will make more accommodation than the other. This may involve the negotiation and choice of the language which the two speakers best share for communication, or it may involve the selection of language forms appropriate to the language level of both, and especially the weaker speaker. Switching is therefore a communicative strategy. It is often deliberate and strategic, as when a stronger speaker accommodates to a less competent interlocutor. But it can also be motivated by language gaps, when a speaker lacks command of language forms for a particular task of communication. And with really competent bilinguals switches can be part of competent, witty, expressive interpersonal communication, where the enjoyment and exploitation of language resources seem to emerge naturally, rapidly, and seamlessly in the flow of communication. Bilingual children do this with particular ease and unconscious grace. Switching is a natural part of finding appropriate expression for a message.

According to the author, which of the following characteristics of switching is correct?

ASwitching requires speakers to pair with other bilinguals.
BSpeakers make the same accommodation in switching.
CFor less competent bilinguals, switching is not a useful communicative strategy.
DSwitching involves meaning negotiation for communication between the speakers.正確答案
答案與詳解
D
正確答案
第三段說轉換可能涉及雙方協商、選擇彼此最能共享的語言來溝通(This may involve the negotiation and choice of the language which the two speakers best share for communication),D 是這句的概括改寫,官方答案 D;但 A 與同段首句非常接近,本題有爭議。

為什麼答案是 D

官方答案。第三段說 "This may involve the negotiation and choice of the language which the two speakers best share for communication",即說話雙方為了溝通,協商並選擇彼此最能共享的語言;D 把它概括為「轉換涉及說話者之間為溝通而進行的協商」。這是改寫而非原句:原文用 may(可能涉及),協商的對象是要用哪一種語言,D 則寫成 involves 並稱為 meaning negotiation。

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